With practice
Our brains are incredibly pliable machines. Capable of hard-wiring incredibly difficult routines into our psyches as well as grasping and adapting to novel stimuli.
And so we’re an incredibly adaptable species. Capable of both doing extraordinarily complex tasks as well as training our minds (and therefore our senses) to notice all manner of particulars.
Stick your nose out often enough and you’ll distinguish smells in a way you never knew you could.
Same goes for tasting (the flavor notes in a single-origin). Or seeing (good design). Or feeling (your way through a city or a sentence). Or hearing (the highs, mids and lows of your new headphones). Or repeating a task without much thought (like driving a car).
Your mind is more than capable of doing whatever you set it to. The difficult part is doing it often enough to make it stick.